http://www.ala.org/aboutala/indigenous-tribes-seattle-and-washington
There are 29 federally recognized tribes throughout Washington and they are:
Chehalis, Colville, Cowlitz, Hoh, Jamestown S’Klallam, Kalispel, Lower Elwha Klallam, Lummi, Makah, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Nooksack, Port Gamble S’Klallam, Puyallup, Quileute, Quinault, Samish, Sauk-Suiattle, Shoalwater Bay, Skokomish, Snoqualmie, Spokane, Squaxin Island, Stillaguamish, Suquamish, Swinomish, Tulalip, Upper Skagit, and Yakama.
Duwamish, Chinook, Snohomish, Steilacoom tribes and Wanapum people are not recognized by the U.S. federal government but have had a long history in present-day Washington.
https://goia.wa.gov/resources/treaties
United States Bureau of Indian Affairs decisions:
[https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/025-duwami-wa] Petitioner Name: Duwamish Indian Tribe, WA | Acknowledged/Denied/In Process:Denied | Date Decision Effective: Fri Jul 19, 2019
[https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/011-steila-wa] Petitioner Name: Steilacoom Tribe, WA | Acknowledged/Denied/In Process: Denied | Date Decision Effective: Tue Jun 17, 2008
[https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/012-snohom-wa] Petitioner Name: Snohomish Tribe of Indians, WA | Acknowledged/Denied/In Process:Denied | Date Decision Effective: Fri Mar 5, 2004
[https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/057-chinoo-wa] Petitioner Name: Chinook Indian Tribe/Chinook Nation, WA | Acknowledged/Denied/In Process: Denied | Date Decision Effective: Fri Jul 5, 2002
Visit the sites to learn more about the various indigenous cultures in Washington State.
- https://www.duwamishtribe.org/
- https://snohomishtribe.org/
- http://steilacoomtribe.blogspot.com/
- http://www.chinooknation.org/
- https://wanapum.org/
- https://www.washingtontribes.org/
- http://washingtontribes.org/sites/default/files/WATribes_FlattenedMap.pdf
- http://www.native-languages.org/washington.htm
- https://www.visitseattle.org/things-to-do/arts-culture/cultural-heritage/native-american/
- http://seattlechannel.org/videos?videoid=x83623
- https://www.chehalistribe.org/
- https://www.colvilletribes.com/
- https://www.cowlitz.org/
- http://hohtribe-nsn.org/
- http://www.jamestowntribe.org/
- https://www.kalispeltribe.com/
- https://www.elwha.org/
- http://www.lummi-nsn.org/
- http://makah.com/
- http://www.muckleshoot.nsn.us/
- http://www.nisqually-nsn.gov/
- http://nooksacktribe.org/
- https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/seattle/s26.htm
- https://www.snoqualmietribe.us/
- https://www.pgst.nsn.us/
- http://www.puyallup-tribe.com/
- https://quileutenation.org/
- http://www.quinaultindiannation.com/
- https://www.samishtribe.nsn.us/
- http://www.sauk-suiattle.com/
- https://www.shoalwaterbay-nsn.gov/
- http://www.skokomish.org/
- http://www.spokanetribe.com/
- http://squaxinisland.org/
- http://www.stillaguamish.com/
- https://suquamish.nsn.us/
- http://www.swinomish-nsn.gov/
- https://www.tulaliptribes-nsn.gov/
- http://www.yakamanation-nsn.gov/
- https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/pnw-fish-wars/
- http://www.indian-ed.org
- https://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/how-did-totem-poles-become-symbol-seattle
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070323055717/http://www.washingtonhistoryonline.org/leschi/index.htm
When in Washington, visit the following centers to learn more about the area’s historical and current indigenous populations:
- http://www.burkemuseum.org/
- http://lelooska.org/
- http://www.yakamamuseum.com/
- https://www.hibulbculturalcenter.org/
- https://www.northwestmuseum.org/
- https://www.museumofglass.org/raven-box-of-daylight
- https://eighthgeneration.com/pages/eighth-generation-at-pike-place-market
- https://www.unitedindians.org/about/
The above information may be used by libraries, librarians, and other educators for nonprofit training and educational purposes. All such uses should include the notice "Content used by permission of ODLOS, ALA". If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to email diversity@ala.org.
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Here are 29 federally recognized tribes and their websites, which have links to resources for tribal members and information for the public:
Chehalis – The Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation has more than 800 members and a reservation of approximately 4,400 acres in southwest Washington.
Colville – The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation is comprised of 12 aboriginal tribes that lived in North Central Washington. The tribe has more than 9,300 enrolled members, about half of whom live on or near the 1.4 million acre reservation.
Cowlitz – The Cowlitz Indian Tribe has been a federally recognized tribe since 2000 and received their first reservation in March 2015.
Hoh – The Hoh Tribe has 447 acres of reservation land on the Pacific coast at the mouth of the Hoh River.
Jamestown S’Klallam – The Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe is located on 13.5 acres along Sequim Bay. Jamestown also has land held in trust outside the reservation and owns land in fee.
Kalispel – the Kalispel Tribe of Indians has 4,557 acres along the Pend Oreille River north of Spokane and approximately 40 acres of trust land in Airway Heights.
Lower Elwha Klallam – The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe is located on roughly 1,000 acres in the northern Olympic Peninsula.
Lummi – Lummi Nation is the third largest tribe in Washington with more than 5,000 members and a 13,000 acre reservation.
Makah – The Makah Indian Tribe Reservation is located at Neah Bay at the most northwest point of the continental United States.
Muckleshoot – The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, with more than 3,000 members, has a reservation in southeast King County.
Nisqually – The Nisqually Indian Tribe has more than 650 enrolled members, a majority of whom lives on or near the reservation.
Nooksack – The Nooksack Indian Tribe, with approximately 2,000 members, has a 444-acre reservation located near Deming.
Port Gamble S’Klallam – The Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe has over 1,200 members and a reservation along Port Gamble Bay near Hood Canal.
Puyallup – The Puyallup Tribe of Indians has more than 4,000 members and is considered one of the most urban Indian reservations in the U.S.
Quileute – The Quileute Tribe is located in La Push on the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
Quinault – The Quinault Indian Nation Reservation has over 208,150 acres located at the southwest corner of the Olympic Peninsula, and has over 2,500 members.
Samish – The Samish Indian Nation is located near Anacortes.
Sauk-Suiattle – The Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe is located near Darrington and has approximately 200 members on its 34-acre reservation.
Shoalwater Bay – The Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe is located in southwestern Washington on the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean.
Skokomish – The Skokomish Indian Tribe is located on a nearly 5,000-acre reservation on Hood Canal at the delta of the Skokomish River.
Snoqualmie – The Snoqualmie Indian Tribe has approximately 650 members and is located in the Snoqualmie Valley.
Spokane – The Spokane Tribe of Indians’ reservation is 159,000 acres located in Eastern Washington, the tribe has approximately 2,700 members.
Squaxin Island – The Squaxin Island Tribe is located at the south end of Puget Sound, their reservation includes Squaxin Island and six acres of land at Kamilche, with approximately 930 members.
Stillaguamish – The Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians has over 230 members in Snohomish County.
Suquamish – The Suquamish Tribe is located on the Port Madison Indian Reservation in North Kitsap County.
Swinomish – The Swinomish Indian Tribe has approximately 900 tribal members, the majority of whom lives within the Swinomish Reservation and Skagit County.
Tulalip – The Tulalip Tribes of Washington is located on the Tulalip Reservation near Everett, the reservation is 22,000 acres, where over half of its 4,000 members live.
Upper Skagit* – The Upper Skagit Indian Tribes’ reservation has a total land area of 110 acres in Western Skagit County and has approximately 200 members. *The Upper Skagit Indian Tribe does not currently have a working website.
Yakama – The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation have a reservation with over one million acres located in Central Washington.
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Pacific Northwest History: Native Americans
https://tacomacc.libguides.com/PacificNorthwestHistory/Home
Books and resources about Pacific Northwest history, including Washington state, Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska
American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection
https://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/
As of 19 February 2020, 574 "Indian tribes" were legally recognized by the Bureau of "Indian" Affairs (BIA) of the United States. Of these, 231 are located in Alaska.
For a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States of America:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States
https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/indian-affairs-bureau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
In 1854, Thomas Mercer (March 11th, 1813 born in Harrison County, Ohio) --[[ NOT watch maker "Thomas Mercer", born 1822, in England St. Helens, Lancashire]] -- was appointed one of King County's first commissioners.
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| Judge Thomas Mercer |
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In 1854, Snoqualmie Chief Patkanim assisted U.S. Army Captain George McClellan (later a Civil War major general) in exploring Snoqualmie Pass as part of the Pacific Railroad Surveys
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There were many treaties made in Washington Territory:
https://goia.wa.gov/resources/treaties
Quinault Treaty, 1856
Treaty of Medicine Creek, 1854
Treaty of Neah Bay, 1855
Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855
Treaty of Point No Point, 1855
Treaty with Walla Walla 1855
Treaty with the Yakama, 1855
The Treaty of Medicine Creek signed December 26th, 1854, by Isaac I. Stevens, was between the United States and nine tribes and bands occupying lands around Puget Sound and adjacent inlets. Tribes listed on the Treaty of Medicine Creek are Nisqually, Puyallup, Steilacoom, Squawskin (Squaxin Island), S'Homamish, Stehchass, T'Peeksin, Squi-aitl, and Sa-heh-wamish.
At Medicine Creek, chief of the Klickitat people Kanasket protested what he saw as a bad deal for the Nisqually tribe, and told their chief, Leschi. Those present told him to leave, stating
"You are half-Klickitat; you have nothing to say; the treaty is made."
In addition to the unequal bargaining power of the parties, Native signers of the treaty did not clearly understand its terms. The only language common to all the tribes present was Chinook trading jargon. A member of Stevens's party, Benjamin Shaw, translated the treaty's language into that tongue, which may well have been inadequate to accurately detail the document's provisions.
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Signed January 22nd 1855 at "Muckl-te-oh" or Point Elliott (now Mukilteo), and ratified March 8th and April 11th 1859, the Treaty of Point Elliot of 1855 is a 15 article settlement treaty signed between the United States government and native leaders of the Puget Sound region.
Signatories to the Treaty of Point Elliot included:
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| Washington Territory Governor Isaac Ingalls Stevens. {American Civil War, killed 1862 at Battle of Chantilly in Fairfax County, Virginia as division commander for the U.S. Army} |
Goliah, Chief of the Skagits and other allied tribes,
The Treaty of Point Elliot guaranteed both fishing rights and reservations -- but reservations were not designated only for Duwamish, Skagit, Snohomish, or Snoqualmie peoples each. For instance, the Tribes of Tulalip Reservation are now a recognized tribe of Duwamish, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skagit, Suiattle, Samish, & Stillaguamish people.
The 15 Point Elliot Treaty articles were not short -- here is part of Article 7:
"The President may hereafter, when in his opinion the interests of the Territory shall require and the welfare of the said Indians be promoted, remove them from either or all of the special reservations hereinbefore make to the said general reservation, or such other suitable place within said Territory as he may deem fit, on remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of such removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands; and he may further at his discretion cause the whole or any portion of the lands hereby reserved, or of such other land as may be selected in lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to such individuals or families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will locate on the same as a permanent home on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicable. [...]"
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Between a four-year period between signing and ratification of the Point Elliot Treaty, fighting continued throughout the territories.
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Yakima [sic] War (1855-1858) - The Yakima (Yakama) Indians lived along the Columbia and Yakama Rivers in Washington Territory, on land desirable for white settlement and mining. With great difficulty, US officials negotiated a treaty with the Yakama and 13 other Indian tribes, all of whom ceded their lands and agreed to be placed on a single, large reservation. Some of the tribes decided to resist their removal and joined together under the leadership of Yakama chief Kamaiakan, whose forces successfully repulsed US troops for about three years. Other Indians in the territory rose up in rebellion, following the lead of the Yakama, and many skirmishes, raids, and battles took place.
On June 11th, 1855, then-Governor Isaac I. Stevens forced Yakama, Nez Perce, Walla Walla, Umatilla and Cayuse tribes to sign away land in return for money, reservations, and other provisions.
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In September 1855 members of the Yakama Tribe had killed eight white miners and a federal Indian subagent who had been sent to investigatel; Governor Stevens ordered volunteer militia to take Quiemuth and Leschi into custody.
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A company of 18 men led by Captain Charles H. Eaton (above) was sent to patrol the west side of the Cascades and to seize Quiemuth and Leschi.
As the Puget Sound Indian War began in 1855, James McAllister volunteered to join the Puget Sound Rangers, territorial militia commanded by Capt. Charles Eaton.
On October 22nd 1855 at the house of Nathan Eaton on the Yelm Highway, McAllister was elected lieutenant. The company of 19 men departed for the Puyallup River to find Chief Leschi. Not finding any Indians, the group continued on. Lt. McAllister requested permission to reconnoiter the military road leading towards the White River. He took with him a resident of the area, Mr. Connell, and 2 Indians. Eaton told him to return that evening. McAllister replied, "I will return if I am alive".
Lt. James McAllister's body was found a few days later not far from the smoking ruins of Connell's house.
Two militiamen, Joseph Miller and Abram Benton Moses were also killed.
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On October 25th, 1855, Quiemuth and Leschi learned of Eaton's intentions and went north into the land of the Muckleshoot. Eaton's troops, arriving later, took the chiefs' horses and pursued the brothers north, where several tribes had joined together at the White River under Leschi's leadership. A series of raids and skirmishes followed, with loss of life on both sides. What would be known as the "Puget Sound Indian War" began in earnest.
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| Klickitat brave ~1899 |
December 4th, 1855, Chief Kanasketof the Klickitat people, along with Chief Quiemuth (half brother of Leschi, c.1798-1856), along with Chief Kitsap of the Muckleshoot and Powhowtish. [1 of multiple others famous in NW history named Kitsap] were credited with leading a group of 80 warriors that attacked an army camp, firing a volley into the camp
(Another Kitsap or Ktsap (died April 18th, 1860) was a war Chief of the Suquamish Native American tribe. Kitsap County, Washington and the Kitsap Peninsula are named for him. He was an ancestor of Johnny Kitsap, 1908, also known ... as Chief Kitsap.)
A rifle ball passed between the logs of the hut killing Lieutenant William A. Slaughter (above).
This set off a three-hour battle in which three other soldiers died.
Captain Erasmus D. Keyes took command and pulled artillery Company M back to Fort Steilacoom.
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Battle of Seattle - January 1856
Seattle settlers and marines from the ship made ready by constructing the Seattle Blockhouse (a.k.a. Fort Decatur) for military protection.
January, 1856, a warship, the U.S.S. Decatur anchored in Elliott Bay ready to defend the Seattle settlement. In January 1856, Erasmus D. Keyes made two attempts to capture Chief Leschi but without success.
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| Silas Casey (July 12, 1807 – January 22, 1882) |
Following the battle, Leschi and his remaining warriors retreated over the Cascades into Eastern Washington.
Leschi was captured in November 1856 and was forced to stand trial for the murder of Abram Benton Moses, and was hanged on February 19th, 1858.
November 19th, 1856, Nisqually Chief Quiemuth a half-brother of Chief Leschi (1808-1858), is murdered in Oympia. Shortly after Leschi's capture, he surrendered into custody of Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens.
In Stevens's home while awaiting transfer to Fort Steilacoom, Quiemuth is shot and stabbed to death. The assailant was positively identified.
The only suspect directly named by history was Joseph Bunting, a 23-year-old farmer who had likely come to Puget Sound from New England. He was a very new father, his first child being born only days before Quiemuth’s murder. His wife was the daughter of Lt. James McAllister, a farmer who had been killed allegedly by Quiemuth during the Puget Sound Indian War.
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After the Battles of Four Lakes (1 Sep 1858) and at Spokane Plains, (5 Sep 1858), more fighting continued against the Yakama. Major Gabriel Rains started a column across the Columbia in wintry weather on October 30, 1855. Instead of heading due north into Yakama country, Rains and his force followed the right bank (north side) of the Columbia to the mouth of the Yakima River, then proceeded upstream from there.
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On November 8, at the mouth of Toppenish Creek, about 50 Indians under Kamiakin took shots at leading elements and fell back across the river.
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The Yakama chief camped his remaining 300 warriors at a break in Ahtanum Ridge where the Yakima River flowed through, which they called Pah'-qy-ti-koot or Gap in the Mountains. The settlers called it Two Buttes and later Union Gap. November 9th, Major Gabriel continued the march between the twin buttes of Ahtanum Ridge. Howitzers smash the fortifications and scattered the defenders who had never before witnessed artillery. Rains ordered a flanking movement and the Indians fled. That was all the fighting for that day. The Battle of Two Buttes ended. The army's only losses were the two dragoons drowned.
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On November 10, the mounted volunteers rode up the river and chased anyone covering the retreat.
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From 1861 to 1865 the American Civil War in the United States was fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America.
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Chief Seattle died in 1866, at approximately age of 77
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Following is the complete text of:
Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855
Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at Muckl-te-oh, or Point Elliott, in the territory of Washington, this twenty-second day of January, eighteen hundred and fifty-five, by Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for the said Territory, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs, head-men and delegates of the Dwamish, Suquamish, Sk-kahl-mish, Sam-ahmish, Smalh-kamish, Skope-ahmish, St-kah-mish, Snoqualmoo, Skai-wha-mish, N'Quentl-ma-mish, Sk-tah-le-jum, Stoluck-wha-mish, Sno-ho-mish, Skagit, Kik-i-allus, Swin-a-mish, Squin-ah-mish, Sah-ku-mehu, Noo-wha-ha, Nook-wa-chah-mish, Mee-see-qua-guilch, Cho-bah-ah-bish, and othe allied and subordinate tribes and bands of Indians occupying certain lands situated in said Territory of Washington, on behalf of said tribes, and duly authorized by them.
ARTICLE 1. The said tribes and bands of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to the lands and country occupied by them, bounded and described as follows: Commencing at a point on the eastern side of Admiralty Inlet, known as Point Pully, about midway between Commencement and Elliott Bays; thence eastwardly, running along the north line of lands heretofore ceded to the United States by the Nisqually, Puyallup, and other Indians, to the summit of the Cascade range of mountains; thence northwardly, following the summit of said range to the 49th parallel of north latitude; thence west, along said parallel to the middle of the Gulf of Georgia; thence through the middle of said gulf and the main channel through the Canal de Arro to the Straits of Fuca, and crossing the same through the middle of Admiralty Inlet to Suquamish Head; thence southwesterly, through the peninsula, and following the divide between Hood's Canal and Admiralty Inlet to the portage known as Wilkes' Portage; thence northeastwardly, and following the line of lands heretofore ceded as aforesaid to Point Southworth, on the western side of Admiralty Inlet, and thence around the foot of Vashon's Island eastwardly and southeastwardly to the place of beginning, including all the islands comprised within said boundaries, and all the right, title, and interest of the said tribes and bands to any lands within the territory of the United States.
ARTICLE 2. There is, however, reserved for the present use and occupation of the said tribes and bands the following tracts of land, viz: the amount of two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty acres, surrounding the small bight at the head of Port Madison, called by the Indians Noo-sohk-um; the amount of two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty acres, on the north side Hwhomish Bay and the creek emptying into the same called Kwilt-seh-da, the peninsula at the southeastern end of Perry's Island, called Shais-quihl, and the island called Chah-choo-sen, situated in the Lummi River at the point of separation of the mouths emptying respectively into Bellingham Bay and the Gulf of Georgia. All which tracts shall be set apart, and so far as necessary surveyed and marked out for their exclusive use; nor shall any white man be permitted to reside upon the same without permission of the said tribes or bands, and of the superintendent or agent, but, if necessary for the public convenience, roads may be run through the said reserves, the Indians being compensated for any damage thereby done them.
ARTICLE 3. There is also reserved from out the lands hereby ceded the amount of thirty-six sections, or one township of land, on the northeastern shore of Port Gardner, and north of the mouth of Snohomish River, including Tulalip Bay and the before-mentioned Kwilt-seh-da Creek, for the purpose of establishing thereon an agricultural and industrial school, as hereinafter mentioned and agreed, and with a view of ultimately drawing thereto and settling thereon all the Indians living west of the Cascade Mountains in said Territory. Provided, however, That the President may establish the central agency and general reservation at such other point as he may deem for the benefit of the Indians.
ARTICLE 4. The said tribes and bands agree to remove to and settle upon the said first above-mentioned reservations within one year after the ratification of this treaty, or sooner, if the means are furnished them. In the mean time it shall be lawful for them to reside upon any land not in the actual claim and occupation of citizens of the United States, and upon any land claimed or occupied, if with the permission of the owner.
ARTICLE 5. The right of taking fish at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary houses for the purpose of curing, together with the privilege of hunting and gathering roots and berries on open and unclaimed lands. Provided, however, That they shall not take shell-fish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens.
ARTICLE 6. In consideration of the above cession, the United States agree to pay to the said tribes and bands the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in the following manner - - that is to say: For the first year after the ratification hereof, fifteen thousand dollars; for the next two year, twelve thousand dollars each year; for the next three years, ten thousand dollars each year; for the next four years, seven thousand five hundred dollars each years; for the next five years, six thousand dollars each year; and for the last five years, four thousand two hundred and fifty dollars each year. All which said sums of money shall be applied to the use and benefit of the said Indians, under the direction of the President of the United States, who may, from time to time, determine at his discretion upon what beneficial objects to expend the same; and the superintendent of Indian affairs, or other proper officer, shall each year inform the President of the wishes of said Indians in respect thereto.
ARTICLE 7. The President may hereafter, when in his opinion the interests of the Territory shall require and the welfare of the said Indians be promoted, remove them from either or all of the special reservations hereinbefore make to the said general reservation, or such other suitable place within said Territory as he may deem fit, on remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of such removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands; and he may further at his discretion cause the whole or any portion of the lands hereby reserved, or of such other land as may be selected in lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to such individuals or families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will locate on the same as a permanent home on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicable. Any substantial improvements heretofore made by any Indian, and which he shall be compelled to abandon in consequence of this treaty, shall be valued under the direction of the President and payment made accordingly therefor.
ARTICLE 8. The annuities of the aforesaid tribes and bands shall not be taken to pay the debts of individuals.
ARTICLE 9. The said tribes and bands acknowledge their dependence on the Government of the United States, and promise to be friendly with all citizens thereof, and they pledge themselves to commit no depredations on the property of such citizens. Should any one or more of them violate this pledge, and the fact be satisfactorily proven before the agent, the property taken shall be returned, or in default thereof, of if injured or destroyed, compensation may be made by the Government out of their annuities. Nor will they make war on any other tribe except in self-defence, but will submit all matters of difference between them and the other Indians to the Government of the United States or its agent for decision, and abide thereby. And if any of the said Indians commit depredations on other Indians within the Territory the same rule shall prevail as that prescribed in this article in cases of depredations against citizens. And the said tribes agree not to shelter or conceal offenders against the laws of the United States, but to deliver them up to the authorities for trial.
ARTICLE 10. The above tribes and bands are desirous to exclude from their reservations the use of ardent spirits, and to prevent their people from drinking the same, and therefore it is provided that any Indian belonging to said tribe who is guilty of bringing liquor into said reservations, or who drinks liquor, may have his or her proportion of the annuities withheld from him or her for such time as the President may determine.
ARTICLE 11. The said tribes and bands agree to free all slaves now held by them and not to purchase or acquire others hereafter.
ARTICLE 12. The said tribes and bands further agree not to trade at Vancouver's Island or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United States, nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside in their reservations without consent of the superintendent or agent.
ARTICLE 13. To enable the said Indians to remove to and settle upon their aforesaid reservations, and to clear, fence, and break up a sufficient quantity of land for cultivation, the United States further agree to pay the sum of fifteen thousand dollars to be laid out and expended under the direction of the President and in such manner as he shall approve.
ARTICLE 14. The United States further agree to establish at the general agency for the district of Puget's Sound, within one year from the ratification hereof, and to support for a period of twenty years, an agricultural and industrial school, to be free to children of the said tribes and bands in common with those of the other tribes of said district, and to provide the said school with a suitable instructor or instructors, and also to provide a smithy and carpenter's shop, and furnish them with the necessary tools, and employ a blacksmith, carpenter, and farmer for the like term of twenty years to instruct the Indians in their respective occupations. And the United States finally agree to employ a physician to reside at the said central agency, who shall furnish medicine and advice to their sick, and shall vaccinate them; the expenses of said school, shops, persons employed, and medical attendance to be defrayed by the United States, and not deducted from the annuities.
ARTICLE 15. This treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States.
In testimony whereof, the said Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs, and the undersigned chiefs, headmen, and delegates of the aforesaid tribes and bands of Indians, have hereunto set their hands and seals, at the place and on the day and year hereinbefore written.
Issac I. Stevens, Governor and Superintendent. (L.S.)
Seattle, Chief of the Dwamish and Suquamish tribes, his x mark. (L. S.)
Pat-ka-nam, Chief of the Snoqualmoo, Snohomish and other tribes, his x mark. (L.S.)
Chow-its-hoot, Chief of the Lummi and other tribes, his x mark. (L. S.)
Goliah, Chief of the Skagits and other allied tribes, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kwallattum, or General Pierce, Sub-chief of the Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'hootst-hoot, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Snah-talc, or Bonaparte, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Squush-um, or The Smoke, Sub-chief of the Snoqualmoo, his x mark. (L.S.)
See-alla-pa-han, or The Priest, Sub-chief of Sk-tah-le-jum, his x mark. (L.S.)
He-uch-ka-nam, or George Bonaparte, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Tse-nah-talc, or Joseph Bonaparte, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Ns'ski-oos, or Jackson, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Wats-ka-lah-tchie, or John Hobtsthoot, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Smeh-mai-hu, Sub-chief of Skai-wha-mish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Slat-eah-ka-nam, Sub-chief of Snoqualmoo, his x mark. (L.S.)
St'hau-ai, Sub-chief of Snoqualmoo, his x mark. (L.S.)
Lugs-ken, Sub-chief of Skai-wha-mish, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'heht-soolt, or Peter, Sub-chief of Snohomish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Do-queh-oo-satl, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
John Kanam, Snoqualmoo sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
Klemsh-ka-nam, Snoqualmoo, his x mark. (L.S.)
Ts'huahntl, Dwa-mish sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kwuss-ka-nam, or George Snatelum, Sen., Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Hel-mits, or George Snatelum, Skagit sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'kwai-kwi, Skagit tribe, sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
Seh-lek-qu, Sub-chief Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'h'-cheh-oos, or General Washington, Sub-chief of Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Whai-lan-hu, or Davy Crockett, Sub-chief of Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
She-ah-delt-hu, Sub-chief of Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kwult-seh, Sub-chief of Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kwull-et-hu, Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kleh-kent-soot, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sohn-heh-ovs, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'deh-ap-kan, or General Warren, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Chul-whil-tan, Sub-chief of Suquamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Ske-eh-tum, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Patchkanam, or Dome, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sats-Kanam, Squin-ah-nush tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sd-zo-mahtl, Kik-ial-lus band, his x mark. (L.S.)
Dahtl-de-min, Sub-chief of Sah-ku-meh-hu, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sd'zek-du-num, Me-sek-wi-guilse sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
Now-a-chais, Sub-chief of Dwamish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Mis-lo-tche, or Wah-hehl-tchoo, Sub-chief of Suquamish, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sloo-noksh-tan, or Jim, Suquamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Moo-whah-lad-hu, or Jack, Suquamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Too-leh-plan, Suquamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Ha-seh-doo-an, or Keo-kuck, Dwamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Hoovilt-meh-tum, Sub-chief of Suquamish, his x mark. (L.S.)
We-ai-pah, Skaiwhamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'ah-an-hu, or Hallam, Snohomish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
She-hope, or General Pierce, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Hwn-lah-lakq, or Thomas Jefferson, Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Cht-simpt, Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Tse-sum-ten, Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Klt-hahl-ten, Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kut-ta-kanam, or John, Lummi tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Ch-lah-ben, Noo-qua-cha-mish band, his x mark. (L.S.)
Noo-heh-oos, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Hweh-uk, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Peh-nus, Skai-whamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Yim-ka-dam, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Twooi-as-kut, Skaiwhamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Luch-al-kanam, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'hoot-kanam, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sme-a-kanam, Snoqualmoo tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sad-zis-keh, Snoqualmoo, his x mark. (L.S.)
Heh-mahl, Skaiwhamish band, his x mark. (L.S.)
Charley, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sampson, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
John Taylor, Snohomish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Hatch-kwentum, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Yo-i-kum, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
T'kwa-ma-han, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Sto-dum-kan, Swinamish band, his x mark. (L.S.)
Be-lole, Swinamish band, his x mark. (L.S.)
D'zo-lole-gwam-hu, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Steh-shail, William, Skaiwhamish band, his x mark. (L.S.)
Kel-kahl-tsoot, Swinamish tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Pat-sen, Skagit tribe, his x mark. (L.S.)
Pat-teh-us, Noo-wha-ah sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
S'hoolk-ka-nam, Lummi sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
Ch-lok-suts, Lummi sub-chief, his x mark. (L.S.)
Executed in the presence of us - -
M. T. Simmons, Indian agent.
C. H. Mason, Secretary of Washington Territory.
Benj. F. Shaw, Interpreter.
Chas. M. Hitchcock.
H. a. Goldsborough.
George Gibbs.
John H. Scranton.
Henry D. Cock.
S. S. Ford, jr.
Orrington Cushman.
Ellis Barnes.
R. S. Bailey.
S. M. Collins.
Lafayetee Balch.
E. S. Fowler.
J. H. Hall.
Rob't Davis.
S. Doc. 319, 58-2, vol 2 43
Ratified Mar. 8, 1859.
Proclaimed Apr. 11, 1859.
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